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Ebrahim Raisi, Iran’s president and a prime contender to succeed the nation’s supreme chief, was killed on Sunday in a helicopter crash. He was 63.
A conservative Shiite Muslim cleric who had a hand in a number of the most brutal crackdowns on opponents of the Islamic Republic, Mr. Raisi was a protégé of Iran’s supreme chief, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and a faithful upholder of non secular rule within the nation.
Mr. Raisi’s presidency was formed by two main occasions: the 2022 nationwide rebellion, led by ladies and ladies, demanding the top to the Islamic Republic’s rule and the federal government’s brutal crushing of that motion; and the present Middle East struggle with Israel, with which it had a protracted historical past of clandestine assaults.
As the president below Iran’s political system, Mr. Raisi didn’t set the nation’s nuclear or regional coverage. But he inherited a authorities that was steadily increasing its regional affect by way of a community of proxy militia teams and a nuclear program that was quickly advancing to weapons-grade uranium enrichment ranges following the United States’ exit from a nuclear deal.
Mr. Raisi endorsed and supported each of those insurance policies and seen them as important for Iran to keep up its affect within the area and to train leverage over the West.
His dying got here as a yearslong shadow struggle turned certainly one of direct confrontation within the wake of Israel’s navy assault on Gaza in retaliation for the Oct. 7 Hamas assaults on Israel.
Mr. Raisi was born within the northeastern metropolis of Mashhad to a household of clerics, and he studied on the nation’s well-known seminary in Qum earlier than collaborating as an 18-year-old within the 1979 Islamic revolution, which deposed Iran’s shah. Just two years later, Mr. Raisi turned a judge within the newly created Islamic Republic, starting a gentle ascent to the highest of Iranian politics.
Like Mr. Khamenei and his predecessor, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the founding father of the Islamic revolution, Mr. Raisi donned a cleric’s black turban, one that’s reserved for “sayyids,” or individuals who hint their lineage again to the Prophet Muhammad.
The situation of succession in Iran has grow to be extra urgent as a result of Mr. Khamenei is 85 and frail. The collection of the following supreme chief is an opaque means of political rivalries and jockeying. Under the Constitution, an elected physique of clerics referred to as the Assembly of Experts picks the supreme chief.
Mr. Raisi was seen as one of many prime contenders for that position and was favored by the hard-line faction, as was Ayatollah Khamenei’s son Mojtaba, an influential cleric who helps run his father’s workplace. Mr. Raisi’s dying basically paves the trail for the youthful Mr. Khamenei to succeed his father.
Political analysts described Mr. Raisi as a loyal enforcer of Mr. Khamenei’s insurance policies and a facilitator of the rising energy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in Iran’s politics and economic system.
“He was not somebody exuding charisma. His speeches weren’t motivating folks to the streets. He was executing coverage,” mentioned Sanam Vakil, director of the Middle East and North Africa program at Chatham House. “Above all, he was a regime insider. He was an ideologue who labored inside the system and thru the system.”
Mr. Raisi’s supporters, together with conservative pundits on state media, praised him for reimposing strict non secular and social guidelines, being illiberal of dissent and turning Iran’s insurance policies away from the West towards extra engagement with Russia and China.
From 2016 to 2019, Mr. Raisi was on the helm of Astan Quds Razavi, a strong multibillion-dollar non secular conglomerate below the management of Mr. Khamenei and believed to be certainly one of his most important sources of wealth.
In 2019, Mr. Raisi turned the pinnacle of Iran’s judiciary, and through his tenure he oversaw a number of the most brutal crackdowns on dissent. At least 500 folks have been killed throughout nationwide demonstrations in November 2019 in response to a spike in gasoline costs. The judiciary arrested activists, journalists, attorneys and twin nationwide residents.
He turned president in 2021 in an election that was broadly seen as orchestrated to make sure his victory, together with his most severe rivals having been disqualified.
Mr. Raisi campaigned as an anticorruption candidate however took up the presidency below a cloud of condemnation by authorities opponents and worldwide rights teams. Rights teams highlighted Mr. Raisi’s background as a member of a four-person panel that ordered the execution of 5,000 political dissidents in 1988 with out trials on the finish of the Iran-Iraq struggle. Mr. Raisi has not denied being a part of the panel and mentioned in a speech that he was a junior official appointed to the position by the supreme chief on the time.
“We misplaced a technology of political minds and activists who might have been necessary gamers in Iranian society,” mentioned Hadi Ghaemi, government director of the Center for Human Rights in Iran.
Mr. Raisi, he argued, performed a hand in a number of of essentially the most repressive moments of Iranian historical past, specifically the crackdowns on antigovernment protests in 2009 and 2022.
Mr. Raisi took energy three years after Donald J. Trump, as president, withdrew from the nuclear deal between Iran and world powers. After the United States exited the deal, Mr. Trump reimposed powerful financial sanctions on Iran, hitting the nation’s oil gross sales and banks. A yr later, after Iran did not reap the advantages of the nuclear deal, it returned to enriching uranium at a close to weapons-grade stage.
Mr. Raisi took workplace promising to pursue a “resistance diplomacy,” which means a defiance of Western powers however an openness to negotiations, significantly with the United States, to return to the nuclear deal and to hunt the elimination of sanctions. But months of negotiations fell by way of within the fall of 2021, and no deal has been reached with the Biden administration.
One of Mr. Raisi’s most necessary overseas coverage achievements as president was one which had lengthy eluded his predecessors: the restoration of ties with Iran’s longtime regional adversary, Saudi Arabia. In 2023, the 2 nations signed a deal in Beijing to re-establish diplomatic relations. Although largely symbolic, the settlement was seen as key to defusing their regional rivalry.
Mr. Raisi prioritized forging nearer relations with Russia and China and pivoting away from the West, saying that Iran couldn’t belief the United States and Europe after the collapse of the nuclear deal. Mr. Raisi’s authorities reached a sweeping 25-year financial, safety and navy cope with China: Iran agreed to promote Beijing discounted oil in change for $400 billion investments in Iran by Chinese firms in a variety of sectors.
He additionally traveled to Moscow often to fulfill his Russian counterpart, President Vladimir V. Putin, they usually deepened safety and navy relations. Iran has offered drones to Russia, which has used them in its struggle in Ukraine, though Mr. Raisi has denied this position.
Mr. Raisi’s affect on home coverage throughout his presidency has been felt way more deeply, and his legacy is prone to be a contested one. During his rule, the nation suffered extreme financial downturns, pushed by worldwide sanctions and excessive unemployment.
“If you need to consider his legacy, he left the nation’s economic system in ruins, and it has grow to be extra repressive,” mentioned Sina Azodi, a lecturer on Iran at George Washington University. “Iran was by no means democratic or free, however, since 2021, political repression has elevated. No voice of dissent is tolerated.”
Under Mr. Raisi’s watch, Iran’s foreign money plunged to a document low, local weather change and mismanagement intensified water shortages, and the nation was hit in January by the deadliest terrorist assault because the 1979 founding of the republic.
Mr. Raisi additionally oversaw a brutal crackdown on antigovernment protests that erupted in 2022 after the dying of a 21-year-old Kurdish girl, Mahsa Amini, whereas she was within the custody of Iran’s morality police. Her dying set off a wave of protests led by ladies who took off their head scarves and referred to as for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic.
After many Iranian ladies defied the necessary hijab rule and appeared in public for over a yr with out protecting their hair, Mr. Raisi introduced this spring that he was going to re-enforce the hijab rule. His authorities dispatched the morality police again on the streets in April, after having earlier mentioned the pressure was abolished, and plenty of arrests of girls turned violent.
Allegations of human rights abuses, for which the United States imposed sanctions on Mr. Raisi in 2019, dogged him on the worldwide stage till the final years of his life.
Last December, he canceled a go to to the United Nations in Geneva amid issues that he might face arrest over his alleged position within the 1988 mass executions as a result of Sweden had prosecuted a extra junior Iranian judiciary official below crimes in opposition to humanity. But Mr. Raisi did attend the U.N. General Assembly in New York yearly, delivering heated speeches that blamed the dissent in Iran on overseas enemies whereas portraying his nation as a mannequin of excellent governance and as an upholder of human rights.
Mr. Raisi is survived by his spouse, Jamileh Alamolhoda, a college professor of philosophy and schooling and daughter of an extremely hard-line influential cleric, Ahmad Alamolhoda. The couple have two daughters and not less than one grandchild.
